One of the modes of execution of a decree of a civil court is either by attachment and sale, or by sale without attachment, of any property.

The provisions relating to sale of property in an execution proceeding are Sections 65 to 73, and the Rules 64 to 94 of the Order 21, of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC). The Chapter VIII of the Civil Rules of Practice Kerala state the procedural matters relating to execution. The provisions cover both movable and immovable properties.

Citizens have the right to a pollution-free environment

The citizen has the right to enjoy life in its entirety along with every permissible pleasure associated with it. The Article 21 of the Constitution offers every citizen a right to a decent environment, to live peacefully, to sleep well at night and to have leisure along with many other concomitant rights. Therefore anyone who wishes to live in peace, comfort and quietness within his house has every right to be protected from excessive sound or noise pollution.

On the other hand, no one got endowed with any right to create noise even in his own premises which would travel beyond his precincts and cause nuisance to others living within the precincts beyond his boundary. Any noise which interferes with the normal life of anyone is nuisance.

What is a dying declaration?

Dying declaration is a written or verbal statement made by a person, when he is facing imminent death, as to the cause of his death or any circumstances which resulted in his death. The declaration must be as to the cause of the declarant’s death or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death.

The declaration is admissible when the cause of the death of the person who declares is directly in issue and both the declaration and the death have some proximate relation. Before a dying declaration is admitted it must be proved that its maker is dead. If the maker survives after the possibility of imminent death, his statement is not a dying declaration.

Confession means

Confession, in fact, is a statement by an accused suggesting that he committed the crime charged against him. A statement must contain specific admission of guilt or all the facts which constitute the crime in order it to be considered as a confession.

Strengthening subordinate judiciary – consisting of district and below level courts – is a much needed but grossly neglected reform. It has the potential to address the ever increasing problems of backlog and delay in justice dispensation and make the judiciary far more productive. A well functioning judiciary is a sine-qua-non for sustainable economic growth, investor confidence building and the overall human well being.

Introduction

Which of the contesting parties should provide evidence in a judicial proceeding is determined on the basis of some judicial principles that are laid down in the Indian Evidence Act.

This write up is exclusively about such principles included in Part III of Indian Evidence Act.

Magistrate can record confession or statement

Any Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate, not even having
jurisdiction in the case, has the authority to record a confession or
statement made to him by a person, in the course of an investigation or
after it, but invariably prior to the inquiry or trial. This is provided
for under Section 164 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 ( CrPC).

The Section allows recording of both confessions and other
non-confessional statements. It provides a special provision to record
confessions when they are made freely and voluntarily but not under any
pressure or influence. A confession so recorded is more of substantive
nature than a non-confessional statement. The mode of recording
confessions is different from that of statements.

Any confession or statement made before the Magistrate under Section 164
CrPC may be recorded by audio-video means in the presence of the
advocate of the accused person.

The examination of the accused under Section 313 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr P C) by the trial court is popularly known as “313 examination” and the statement deriving out of it is called “313 Statement”.

Enough laws exist in India to protect women from domestic, matrimonial and sexual violence. They, according to women activists, are good only in paper. On one hand the women continue to suffer under violence with no much hope for the victims to have easy access to justice despite having those laws on our statute book. On the other, some of these provisions are largely being misused by educated and powerful sections of disgruntled women as a sharp weapon, rather than a shield, to harass their innocent husbands and their relatives. Even bed-ridden relatives and those living abroad were put under arrest and detention in a quite number of cases. The Section 498A of Indian Penal Code (IPC) is one such provision, now under limelight for unleashing what is called legal terrorism.

What the Section 65B states

The Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA) states that the
information contained in an electronic record which is printed or
copied as computer output would be treated as a document without
further proof or production of the original, if the output satisfies
some stipulations stated below.